Journal of International Relations & Foreign Policy

Navigating Geopolitical Complexities: Italy's Strategic Challenges and Opportunities in the Mediterranean Basin (2020-2023)
Flavia De Lucia Lumeno

Abstract
This study examines Italy's multifaceted role in the Mediterranean region, focusing on its energy dependency as a critical determinant of its geopolitical strategies and diplomatic relations. Italy's position as a major energy importer, with natural gas comprising 38% of its total energy consumption in 2021, fundamentally shapes its regional policies. The research employs a comprehensive geopolitical analysis framework, integrating energy security theories with international relations concepts to elucidate Italy's evolving Mediterranean strategy.The study reveals Italy's significant shift in energy partnerships following the Ukraine conflict, with Algeria replacing Russia as its primary energy provider since September 2022. This transition has led to a reconfiguration of Italy's foreign policy, strengthening ties with North African countries.The analysis extends to Italy's complex relationships with Libya, Egypt, and Tunisia, where energy interests intersect with issues of migration management and regional stability. The study also examines the challenges Italy faces in securing its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the implications for energy resource exploitation, particularly in light of increased competition from neighboring states.Methodologically, the research combines quantitative analysis of energy trade data with qualitative assessment of diplomatic agreements and geopolitical dynamics. This mixed-method approach provides a nuanced understanding of Italy's strategic positioning in the Mediterranean.The study's original contribution lies in its comprehensive analysis of how Italy's energy needs drive its diplomatic, economic, and strategic decisions in the Mediterranean. It reveals that Italy's capacity to maintain a stable and diversified energy supply remains pivotal to its strategic positioning in this dynamic region 9. Moreover, it demonstrates how Italy's energy dependencies have led to a complex balancing act between national interests and ethical considerations in its foreign policy.

Full Text: PDF     DOI: 10.15640/jirfp.v12a1